Table 3 Cochrane risk of bias
Reference | Domain 1; bias arising from the randomization process | Domain S; Risk of bias arising from period and carryover effects | Domain 2; bias due to deviations from the intended intervention | Domain 3; bias due to missing outcome data | Domain 4; bias in measurement of the outcome | Domain 5; bias in selection of the reported results | Overall risk of bias judgement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crossover | |||||||
 Bhattacharyya et al 2009 | Low | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
 Bhattacharyya et al 2010 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Low |
 Bhattacharyya et al 2012 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low |
 Bhattacharyya et al. 2014 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Low |
 Bhattacharyya et al 2018 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Bloomfield et al 2020 | Low | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Low |
 Bloomfield et al 2022 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Borgwardt et al 2008a, b | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
 Crippa et al 2004 | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
 Fusar Poli et al. 2009 | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
 Fusar-Poli et al 2010 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
 Grimm et al 2018 | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
 Lawn et al 2020 | Low | Some concerns | Low | Some concerns | Low | Low | Some concerns |
 Pretszch et al. 2019 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Pretzsch 2019 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Wall et al 2022 (Study 1) | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Wall et al 2022 (Study 2) | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Winton-Brown et al 2011 | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Parallel | |||||||
 Davies et al 2020 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Davies et al 2022 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns |
 Wilson et al 2019 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |