Table 1 Summary of selected studies

Habib and Avisar (2018)

Online self-report survey

383 FM patients; 85% female

N/A

Self-report survey

31.4 ± 16.3 g; Self-report 3+ strains used (not specified); whole plant material and oil extract

15%

Inhalation (smoking) (80%); oral administration (oil) (5%); vaporization (15%)

Eye & throat irritation

Better sleep (94%); Decreased pain (93%)

Habib and Artul (2018)

Retrospective review

26 FM patients; 73% female

N/A

FIQR; self-report survey

26 ± 8.3 g per month; species not specified; whole plant material and oil extract

59%

Inhalation (smoking) (58%); vaporization (23%); both (14%); inhalation (smoking) & oral administration (oil) (8%)

Dry mouth (27%); red eyes (27%); hunger (15%)

Increased capacity for work (46%)

Sagy et al. (2019)

Prospective observational study

367 FM patients; 82% female

6 months

Pain intensity assessment; QOL

Varied gradual titration; 14 strains (not specified); whole plant material and oil extract

Y

Inhalation (smoking); oral administration (oil)

Mild dizziness (7.9%); Dry mouth (6.7%); Gastrointestinal symptoms (5.4%)

Better sleep (73.4%); decreased depression (80.8%); Pain reduced (44%)

Van de Donk et al. (2019)

Experimental randomized study

20 FM patients; 100% female

3 h

Pressure and electrical pain thresholds; spontaneous pain scores

Bedrocan (22.4 mg); Bedrolite (18.4 mg); Bediol (13.4 mg); Placebo

N

Vaporization (100%)

Drug high Bedrocam (80%); coughing (70%); nausea (15%); dizzy (15%); sore throat (10%)

Bediol 30% reduction in pain scores; THC correlated with an increase in pain threshold

Yassin et al. (2019)

Observational cross-over study

31 FM patients; 90% female

3–6 months

FIQR; VAS; ODI; SF-12; ROM

20 g; strain not specified; whole plant material

Y

Inhalation (smoking); vaporization

Red eyes (90%); Constipation (50%); loss of appetite (26%)

Decreased pain intensity; increased ROM