Fig. 2

Differential cannabinoid production in response to 5 days of short-term herbivore stress during the first week of flowering. Quantitative comparisons of cannabigerolic acid (A), cannabidiolic acid (B), Δ-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (C), cannabigerol (D), cannabidiol (E), and Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (F) production in hemp flower, leaf, and stem tissues in response to 5 days of caterpillar larvae M. sexta foraging. The values above indicate the difference in concentrations between day 1 and day 6 of flowering. A negative value indicates a lower concentration after 6 days of flowering than at initiation, whereas a positive value indicates an increase in concentration over that 6-day period. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. The bar graph represents mean ± s.d. (n = 3). **p < 0.01 and *p < 0.05